34 of 34 Discuss interdiction, prevention, and treatment programs as Essay

34 of 34 Discuss interdiction, prevention, and treatment programs as components of the national drug strategy. Include a discussion of the military capability of each strategy - Essay ExampleIncrease in drug prices abases their consumption.The prevention action plan which is part of the national drug strategy aims at avoiding drug use among the youths. This is one with providing information about prevention to affected stakeholders such as parents, law enforcement authorities, educators, young people and the community. It also aims to get this through national campaigns against drugs and funding community projects for the same purpose (Gaines & Kappeler, 2008). This has been seen to be boffo in reducing car accidents resulting from drug abuse as it is seen to reduce consumption of illicit drugs to considerable levels. Although it is not easy to get the exact number of how this has been successful, since the implementation of the prevention there has been a notable degree in use of drugs among the youths.Treatment as a strategy involves taking the people who are already addicted to drugs to drug rehabilitation center where they are helped in recovering through therapy and counseling. The national drug strategy supports the treatment plan and encourages the use of new collaborative an innovative strategies that will yield better results. This has been through funding territories and provinces to reinforce drug abuse treatment systems thereby increasing the access to drug treatment services to meet the high need. Treatment has been successful in turning around the lives of drug addicts who have collaborated and who are now able to live without dependency on the drugs.United States. (2005). drug prevention programs and the fiscal year 2006 drug control budget Is the federal government neglecting illegal drug use prevention? hearing before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Re presentatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, April 26, 2005. Washington U.S.

MORAL PERMISSIBILITY OF SOME ABORTIONS Research Paper

MORAL PERMISSIBILITY OF SOME ABORTIONS - Research Paper ExampleMy seek framework assesses the model on the criteria of possible dissimilarities and their relationship through analysis of literature A Defense of stillbirth from Thomson. The purpose of this document is to support the pro-life arguments for protecting the life of child rather than pro-choice arguments for moral permissibility of abortion human footd on Thomsons analogies.Thomson applies series of analogies to prove pro-abortion arguments considering violinist scenario as base for all the relationship. The core arguments of Thomson include three fundamental premises. The first premise emphasizes the moral permissibility of abortion to protect the life of women. The second premise argues for morality of abortion even if fetus is given the status of fully evolved person. Her third premise finds the activist supporting the pro-life arguments are based on false premises. The etymologizing of third premise brings the con clusion that nullifies the validity of every argument against abortion. She observes that there are no other cases like pregnancy. This is why she creates the violinist analogy to digest a similar kind of case even though she agrees that any such comparison is bizarre. I will analyze the reflection of Thomsons buck of view at the various stages to develop my arguments. I will also do meta-analysis of analogies applied by Thomson in which she defends the case of abortion through counter-example kind of of making positive points by providing supportive examples. The following section digs into the arguments of Thomson to challenge the assumptions in the examples for abortion debate.The philosopher Judith Jarvis Thomson advocates the argument for rights of women in A Defense of Abortion. I have selected MIT philosophers landmark paper for discussion on the morality of abortion. I aim to understand Thomsons strategy based on the core structure of her arguments to apply the conclusion for broader aspect of moral

Only Christian believers can or should be theologians Essay Example for Free

Only Christian believers passel or should be theologians EssayUsing quotations from at least three written texts (ancient and/or modern), argue the fibre for or against the view that only Christian believers can or should be theologiansBefore attempting to answer this question, one mustiness define some principles of the nature of Christian theology. It is obvious that anyone may create a theology based purely on ideas from ones own imagination, with no boundaries or guidelines to it. Such a theology may be creative, intelligent, and reasonable, but could non be classed as Christian theology. Something must act as a rule and a guard, lest the Christian religion get going down into nothing more than dispersed, individual, self-made theologies. Theology in a Christian context must and does find its foundation in Scripture, the supreme position to life and thought (Vanhoozer 1998, p. 380).Now that the thing that is to be represented in the building of Christian theology ha s been identified as Scripture, one may take aim the question of who is able and qualified to interpret it. In 1860, Benjamin Jowett published his essay, On the Interpretation of Scripture. He argued that the Bible should be regarded as any new(prenominal) ancient collections of literature, using tools of literary and historical scholarship. He implied that a critic who stands apart from traditional beliefs and practices is in a better position to find the reliable meaning of the text, as these traditions had obscured their true meaning. In other words, only those with the right scholarly tools and who were willing to suspend any belief in the text that they may make believe are able to correctly interpret it (Vanhoozer 1998, pp. 378-379).However, Jowetts view of adaptation omits the spiritual and the ethical dimensions of Biblical interpretation. Vanhoozer keep opensTo call the Bible Scripture does not build up its warnings or its promises something other than warnings or pr omises, but rather reorients them to the larger purpose of making wise unto salvation .(Vanhoozer 1998, p. 380).Jowetts approach to interpretation requires an mark reading of the text. provided can one properly interpret the Scriptures from such a standpoint? To answer this, one must examine the relationship between the reader, the text, the author, and the story. Upon reading, the reader reads the text, and in doing so reconstructs the author in his own imagination, creating an implied author, and bringing the story to life (actualising the text) from the marks on the written page (Voelz 1995, 1997, pp. 218- 219). Voelz goes on to state that the intended receiver of the text isa reader of whom the author is conscious, one who may similarly be called implied. And this implied reader stands in the same relationship to the actual reader as the implied author stands to the actual author he is, again, a construct, not in the real world, and he is detectable (only) in the text. Who t hen is a valid example of a text? It is he who conforms to the expectations of the author. It is he who conforms himself to the given texts assumptions. It is he who becomes the implied reader and only such a one of a given text. Which means that an objective reading of a text is not only impossible it is not to be desired(Voelz 1995, 1997, p. 219)One can see that what is needed for correct interpretation of Scripture, is a subjective, rather than objective reading of the text. Voelz argues a reader interprets within a community, having developed the beliefs and attitudes of the implied reader, through discussion, experience, and training within that community which understands and appreciates the context of the implied reader. therefromA valid interpreter of a text is that person who assumes the role required as it were, by a given text who becomes the reader implied or called for by that very text. And such a one is formed to assume that role by a community, a community which has assumed that role itself.(Voelz 1995, 1997, p. 220)This, however, does not make every Christian communitys interpretation infallible, because humans err thus different Christian communities often disagree on the interpretation of certain split of Scripture. But, as the Church is a community within which these documents were produced, received, and preserved, Vanhoozer statesThe Bible is more likely to be misunderstood by an unbelieving and unaffiliated individual than by a believing and practising member of the church.(Vanhoozer 1998, p. 378)In the case of the peeled Testament, the books were produced, received, and preserved by the Christian community, and following Voelzs argument, one has to be within a Christian community, and taught to read Scripture by that community, to be able to correctly interpret the New Testament.The issue of the interpretation of the Old Testament is one that is referred to in the New Testament. Speaking of the reading of Scripture by the JewsYes , to this day, whenever Moses is read a veil lies over their hearts. But when one turns to the Lord, the veil is removed.(2 Cor. 315-16 ESV)According to Pauls argument, the Jews do not believe, therefore they cannot, in their unbelieving state, be the implied reader of the Old Testament Scriptures. Apparently, simply being within the Jewish community is insufficient to correctly interpret these Scriptures, as more than a simple, straightforward understanding of the Hebrew text is needed. Luke 2445 ESV reads, concerning Jesus and his disciples, Then he opened their minds to understand the Scriptures. Minds must be opened, veils taken away. The Christian community must teach readers to interpret even the Old Testament books. Only within the Christian community can ones mind be changed in the proper way (Voelz 1995, 1997, p. 226). The reason for this is clear from the New Testaments claims regarding the Christocentricity of all Scripture, Old and New TestamentsYou search the Scripture s because you think that in them you have eternal life and it is they that bear witness about me(Jn. 539 ESV. Cf. Mt. 24-6, 14-15 1 Cor. 1011, 153-4 2 Cor. 120 Heb. 911-12 1 Pet. 110-12)In order to be within the Christian community, one must adhere to and confess its creeds. Voelz writes at that placefore, to adhere to the creeds gives one an taste to the books of the NT. which is congenial to them and which allows/enables one to interpret them in accordance with their intention Adherence to the creeds enables one to matrix the signifiers and meanings of a text for interpretation and then to interpret that matrix in a way which is congenial to the text, for the creeds are of one piece with that text and provide, as it were, the interpretive key,determinative for the meaning of the complex signifiers under construction The creeds help to secure which readings of Scripture are the apostolic/Christian readings which may legitimately be drawn from them.(Voelz 1995, 1997, p. 222)It was precisely the misuse of Scripture by heretics, which caused the early Church father, Tertullian, to write regarding themWe oppose to them this step above all others, of not admitting them to any discussion of the Scriptures. If in these lie their resources, before they can use them, it ought to be clearly seen to whom belongs the self-possession of the Scriptures, that none may be admitted to the use thereof who has no title at all to the privilege.(Roberts Donaldson 1994, 1995, Vol. 1 p.250 -Chapter XV of On Prescription Against Heretics. See also chapters XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX pp. 250-252)Tertullians belief was that the Scriptures were the property of the Christian Church alone, and not to be handled by those outside of it. Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, against the Valentinians, wroteThey endeavour to adapt with an air of probability to their own odd assertions the parables of the Lord, the sayings of the prophets, and the words of the apostles, in order that their scheme may not seem altogether without support. In doing so, however, they disregard the order and the connection of the Scriptures, and so far as in them lies, dismember and destroy the truth. By transferring passages, and dressing them up anew, and making one thing out of another, they succeed in deluding many through their horrific art in adapting the oracles of the Lord to their opinions.(Roberts Donaldson 1994, 1995, Vol. 3. p. 326 -Chapter VIII of AgainstHeresies)In conclusion, there seem to be many problems opposing the idea of those outside of the Christian Church being theologians, not least the question of motive, as the early Church fathers addressed. For these reasons, I believe that theology is a matter only for those within the Church.Bibliography* Roberts, A. Donaldson J. (Editors) 1994, 1995 Ante-Nicene Fathers Peabody, Massachusetts Hendrickson Publishers, Inc.* Vanhoozer, K. 1998 Is There a Meaning in This Text? Leicester Apollos/IVP.* Voelz, J. 1995, 1997 What Does This Mean ? Principles of Biblical Interpretation in the Post-Modern World St. Louis, Missouri Concordia Publishing House.* The Holy Bible English amount Version 2001, 2002 Wheaton, Illinois Crossway Bibles

Analysis of Comments on a New York Times Article Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Comments on a New York clock Article EssayThe article, Forced From Executive Pay to Hourly Wage, which was written by Michael Luo and was create in the New York Times last February 28, 2009, basically told the story of people who utilize to earn five or six-figure amounts per year, be now being paid moly minimum wages. wholeness example in the article was the case of Mark Cooper, who used to earn $70,000 as a security manager for occurrence 500 Company in the United States and who oversees a budget of $1. 2 million. Nine months ago, he lost his mull over and now he is earning $12 an hour in his job at his friends janitorial services company. Although the article itself is appealing enough, it is also interesting to note the readers comments about it. As of now, there are 300 comments about the article and upon reviewing most of them, it can be surmised that each reader who commented had significantly different viewpoints and opinions about the story told in t he New York Times article.Evidently, these readers adhere to different moral codes which are seen through their responses. In general, the readers who commented on the article can be divided into two root words one group lauded the stomach act of Mark Cooper while the other criticized the style of writing and the subtle message that New York Times writer used in the article. One of the readers who praised the article story admired the courage of Mr.Cooper as he was able to lower his pride and found ways to render for his family even if it means that he has to scrub toilets and have his salary dramatically reduced from five figures to an hourly wage without any benefits. In a sense, this group highly regarded the value of hard stool and starting all over again in a dignified way. Most of their comments basically indicated that Mr. Cooper is not alone and that there are hundreds of Americans who have similar riches to rags stories.These readers, based on their comments, also belie ved that there is no shame being poor as long as one has a dignified and lawful job. On other hand, the other group of readers who commented on the article criticized the New York Times for insinuating that those who work blue-collar jobs are lower forms of human beings than those who work white-collar ones. They see the article as discriminating to Americans who have been living their lives below the poverty delimit for a long time even before the current economic crisis.For example, one reader lamented that article more or less showed that a $12-an-hour job is an indecent way of living, which is not true. In addition, one reader did not feel sorry for Mr. Cooper and commented that he had a lot to be appreciative for because he lives in an above average house and was able to live a rich life. To this reader, the economic crisis makes everyone in America equal because they are fight to make ends meet. However, whats common in all the readers responses is that they could all relate to the difficulties experienced by the people depicted in the article.In fact just about of the readers, who are evidently from different walks of life, shared their own stories in their comments. In other words, the single factor that binds all the readers who commented is the hardship brought about by the monetary crisis in America. In a way, the articles comments show two things one is that there are a lot of Americans who are so used to a good life that they are seemingly caught off-guard when a destroy financial crisis like this hits them and the other is that due to the crisis, most Americans would be willing to claim on any job just to survive.But the comments also indicated that Americans are more unified in achieving a common goal which is to recover from the devastating effects of the crisis and rebuild their lives. Works Cited Luo, Mark. Forced From Executive Pay to Hourly Wage. 28 February 2009. New York Times. 4 March 2009 http//www. nytimes. com/2009/03/01/us/01 survival. html? pagewanted=1_r=2sq=executive%20janitorst=csescp=1.

Service and price options Essay Example for Free

Service and price options EssayIn summary, the website is very effective in achieving its goal of reaching customers through the internet. Although the letting service via the internet and by mail is only available in the United States, the online service gives an outlook of the whole beau monde. The layout and the consistent use of the color design give a unified theme to the website giving the excellent yet uncomplicated look and feel of the website. And though the web design is quite fair and moderately unattractive, it attains its goal to be an alternative and accessible way of rental service to customers in a variety of places. Membership Plans and Retail Options megahit Online renders 2 major(ip) rank and file or subscription plans for its customers. These both categories argon Blockbuster Total Access and Blockbuster by Mail (Blockbuster Online). The only difference on the two major membership plans is that in Blockbuster Total Access, rental services include both b y mail and in-store exchanges of pics while in Blockbuster by Mail, in-store exchanges are not allowed. The different plans under these two categories also vary. Blockbuster Total Access can either be premium or unspoilt ordinary.In premium, the customer has an unlimited number of in-store exchanges while in ordinary, limited in-store access is available. Regarding Blockbuster by Mail plans, the customer can order online for movie rentals and these are delivered by mail on the customers doorstep. Exchanges and returns of movie rentals are also through with(p) online and by mail (Blockbuster Online). Thus, in this type of membership plan, the customer need not go to a Blockbuster store. This membership plan is perfectly suitable for subscribers who do not have rental stores in their vicinity.Prices for rental services differ depending on the membership plan of the customers (see Comparison Chart). Retail services are by movie basis. Furthermore, online retail service is done via c redit card or online wiring service. In addition to be able to buy movies on line, the customer has to have an account on the Blockbuster website. Prices of movies on sale depend on the movies producers. Nonetheless(prenominal), new releases are much more expensive than old movie copies. Comparison Chart Movie Selections The company has a wide range of movie selections.It also offers TV shows and series as well as game software and euphony videos. The copies of movies are supposedly sufficient for its number of members and customers. However, the rental service is still subject to the availability of the movie copies. The number of copies also depends on the movie type. Classics have much less number of copies that new releases. Furthermore, most wanted videos have more copies than ordinary hit movies. The large selection of movies is simplified by the website through organizing the movies into different categories and subcategories.The major categories are action adventure, anima tion, harlequinade, documentary, drama, family kids, foreign, horror, music performing arts, mystery suspense, romance, science fiction fantasy, special interest, sports fitness, television, war and western. Under these categories are further subcategories of which some are listed downstairs Action adventure action comedy, action thriller, adventure drama. Science fiction fantasy sea adventure, swashbucklers, sword and sandal. Animation animated musical, anime. Comedy comedy drama, comedy thriller, dark humor, family comedy, heist/caper comedy.Documentary adventure travel, art history, biography, history, language literature. Drama addiction drama, police drama, childhood drama, crime drama, medical drama. Family kids infant, toddler, childrens entertainment, family classics, kids fantasy. abroad Asian, Chinese, European, Filipino, French, German, Indian, Spanish, Japanese. Horror alien invasion, ghosts haunts, monsters, occult, nature-gone-wild. Music perform ing arts concerts, classical, dance, gospel, opera, musicals, singers. Mystery suspense crime, detective film, spy, whodunit, political thriller.Sports and fitness extreme sports, Olympics, dance, diet nutrition, yoga and Tai Chi. (Blockbuster Online). Competitors Information Application Blockbuster Inc. offers a lot of useful instruction and business experiences as well as practical guides for the establishment of a beginner. It gives sixth sense that can be utilized in order to enter the market with security and stability. The long history and the more amendments to the companys organization and instruction can be a lesson to future business establishments even in a different industry.Experienced website history is possessed by Blockbuster Inc.although they are not the first mover in the field of online rental service. Nevertheless, their advantage is that they have made possible and excellent revisions of competitors websites making their own website less attached to er rors and negative feedbacks. It is therefore this very advantage that a new emerging business can take hold from the information obtained from Blockbuster Online. To further inform such circumstance, it is appropriate to give specific situations. For example, the simplicity of Blockbusters website instills over familiarity of customers which can lead to decrease of interest.Thus, if one has to build up a website on the same line of business, one has to make sure that the website include more interesting designs such as animations and video presentations. Addition of background music may also be added to increase the websites attraction. Scroll over animations and flash presentations of step-by-step procedures may also be employed. It is also appropriate that confidentiality of customers information is prioritized. One very important detail that Blockbuster Online lacks must be included in this new website.This detail concern a web rascal dedicated for the employees of the company where every employee have access to more confidential data regarding the company. This will give an impression to consumers that the company values its own people. Furthermore, a web page containing a live chat room may be of help for quick answers of clients that regard their time too valuable to live for questions on video rental services. The gathering of data from a future competitor of a budding business establishment is just the beginning of the many challenges and trials that the business will undergo to gain stability and prosperity.It is even the easiest way to accomplish. Data gathering is uncomplicated. What is important is the ability to evaluate the obtained data and utilize it for the usefulness of ones own company.References BlockBuster Online. . Retrieved June 29, 2008, from http//www. blockbuster. com/. Crunchbase. Netflix. Retrieved June 29, 2008, from http//www. crunchbase. com/company/netflix. Microsoft Encarta 2007. (2006). Blockbuster Inc. Microsoft Encarta 2007 CD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation. Movie Gallery. Business Description.Retrieved June 29, 2008, from http//www. moviegallery. com/company/about. asp viperx. Press Releases. Blockbuster Inc. Company Profile. Retrieved June 29, 2008, from http//www. b2i. us/profiles/investors/ResLibrary. asp? BzID=553ResLibraryID=6807GoToPage=5Category=27. Wright Investor Service. Hastings Entertainment, Inc. Company Profile Snapshot. Retrieved June 29, 2008, from http//wrightreports. ecnext. com/coms2/reportdesc_COMPANY_418365102. Yahoo Finance. Blockbuster, Inc. Retrieved June 29, 2008, from http//finance. yahoo. com/q/pr? s=BBI.

Causes of Absenteeism and High Turnover of Staff

Causes of Absenteeism and High Turnover of StaffYou set out been employees as the human resource manger of a company. You have checked through the company record on turnover of absenteeism in the company for the past 6 months.Identify the causes of absenteeism and richly turnover staffs in your company.Absenteeism occurs when employees ar not present at work when they argon scheduled to be there. It fecal matter be divided into voluntary or involuntary absenteeism. Involuntary absence seizure is viewed to be beyond the employees immediate control legitimate reasons like personal illness, accidents or family emergencies. Voluntary absence is under the direct control of the employee which burn down practic onlyy be traced back to other factors such(prenominal) as a poor work environment, occupancy dissatisfaction and other issues. If such absences become excessive, they can have a seriously adverse impact on a companys operations and, ultimately, its profitability.The causes of absenteeism and high turnover staff areLow wages The prospect of getting higher(prenominal) earnings elsewhere is one of the most obvious contributors to turnover. Every industry has organizations that pay well and most that pay low. Employees might stay a brusque longer in times of recession because no other work is available, but they know theyre being exploited and will be looking for a way out. exercise environment Turnover tends to be higher in environments where employees feel they are operaten advantage of, where they feel undervalued or ignored, and where they feel bewildered or unimportant. Clearly, if managers are impersonal, arbitrary, and demanding, there is greater risk of alienation and turnover.Management policies Management policies can also affect the environment which can lead to high turnover as well. In a way such as whether employee benefits and incentives appear generous or stingy, or whether the company is responsive to employees needs and wants. Manageme nts discourse of major corporate events such as mergers or layoffs is also an important influence on the work environment afterwards.Weak team leadership nonetheless if someone has been trained to do a specific job, they are usually working as part of team. They are alongside people with complementary roles, who unitedly deliver a process or solution.If team lack strong leadership they will not function well, which will lead to disagreements and relationship breakdown. brusque educational activity Asking employees often to do a job but not giving them adequate training will in fact de-motivate the employees and whence allow them to leave the company.Work stress Work stress experienced at particular types of jobs can also create turnover.Seasonal changes seasonal changes such as the beginning of a school year can cause high turnover when part-timer, school-age employees return to their classrooms.Demographically specific Some turnover is demographically specific, particularly fo r women who are balancing significant work and family duties at the same time. Such women (or men) may choose to leave a company instead of sacrificing their other inte stand-ins and responsibilities in rules of order to make the job work out. These factors translate into higher turnover rates for women in many companies.Inequitable evaluation while preparing the performance appraisal of an employee, some mangers will unfairly evaluate the employees performance which in fact de-motivate them and hence lead to high turnover rate.Strained communications between commission and employee When a lack of communication exists in the organizational setting it has the potential to cause significant problems between centering and employees.For each case identified above, suggest way(s) in which the staffs can be motivated to repair the situation.Low wages according to F W Taylor, the motive for hard work is high wages. The company has to pay high wages to their employees in order to remedy the situation.Work environment the manger mustiness give high and equal importance to all of his employees, so that they feel who valuable they are to the company and therefore will be motivated to remedy the situation.Management policies the management policies should meet the employees expectation. Providing them incentive and benefits to motivate them to remedy the situation.Weak team leadership Teams perform at their best under clear leadership, where someone has a vision of how the team should work and the level at which it should perform.Poor trainingthe company must provide with an accurate account of training to their employees to develop their knowledge in those skills and aptitudes which contribute to the welfare of the company and employees.Work stress the manger must give their employees with a legitimate number jobs which the employees can able handle and accomplish smoothly at a given(p) time.Seasonal changes at the time of evaluation and selection the manager must avoid selecting part-timers, or at the time of evaluation the manger must take into consideration the number of hours that the employee can give to the company and the length of his service in order to reduce the turnover rate.Demographically specific at the time of evaluation, mangers must select those women who are unmarried.Inequitable evaluation the management must evaluate the employees performance fairly with specific concentrating on his/her performance.Strained communications between management and employee Improving communication between management and employees requires a focus onsound communication and leadership management. The following are some important keys to an effective communicationClarityActive ListeningPatienceHonestyAwareness of Body LanguageQuestion 2You are the human resource management of the company. Explain how you name a particular individual for training.Everyone has personal and often unique training and development needs. Such needs may be the term inus of ambition, career progression, inadequate job performance, or simply to meet changing demands of job or occupation. The purpose of this handout is to outline the process of identifying individual training and development needs and the involvement of the trainer.NOIs Performance Correctable?Is Performance Satisfactory?Is Performance Satisfactory?YESBy asking some of these basic questions, it can be able to roughly categorize people and their respective job performance. The outcome of this exercise is to group people into three broad categories.People whose job performance is unsatisfactory and for whom training is probably a necessity.People whose job performance is satisfactory, but may need training in order to swear this level of performance.People whose job performance is more than satisfactory and whose need for training is for development purposes.Using these categories as a starting point the trainer can ask more detailed question about a person, gradually building up a picture of the individual and using it to identify training needs.To ensure that the training is effective and meet the objectives of the organization, explain how training should be conducted.People must be interested in learning and be willing to learn before they will accept training.The operational objectives of the training should be known by those responsible for it and by those involved in it. snip constraints and performance standards should be predetermined and also made known.Training must be geared to the individual needs of those being trained and be seen to be so.Training must be done either by supervisor or manger, or by an agency acting within a manikin fully understood and approved by the supervisor or manger, and which he will subsequently maintain and reinforce.The rate of training should equal the rate at which an individual can learn, and this should be confirmed by testing.People can learn by being told or shown how to do work, but best of all from the pers onal involvement of doing wok accepted standards under skilled coaching.Training should be planned, executed and evaluated systematically, in the context of organizational needs.Discuss the issues in the term.According to the article the Singapore government has setup S$600 million to train the workers to develop their knowledge skill. The employers will get higher subsides, up to 90% of course fees, for workers who control programmes at any continuing education and training centre. For the first time, the low-skilled will be paid $4 for every hour that they are on course.The higher-skilled can get up to $1,000 a month while on training. Half the amount will be use to develop training centre and the rest will be paid out to employers, workers and jobless Singaporeans o course. This will have a great impact on the countrys economy. The unemployment rate will significantly drop and by this great strategy of the government, it will effectively reduce the high turnover rates in the companies and will develop their skills to a certain level.

Racial Or Nationality Subcultures

Racial Or Nationality SubculturesIn any community there be not however cultures, but also a contour of subculture and countercultures that develop within society. Subcultures and countercultures atomic number 18 formed by generalizations, occupation, class, lifestyle, likes, dislikes, etc. 1Basically subculture is a chemical group of people that belong to big culture but specialize from that. In early 1950s, there has been a distinction between an accepted studyity style and a subculture as an active minority style. Dick Hebdige criticise that a subculture is subversion to normality. Subcultures look at a nature of criticism and can be perceived as negative. Subcultures get together those individuals who feel neglected and stick out them to develop a sense of identity. 2A sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a heathen group is term as counterculture .In counterculture a group whose behavior deviates from the societal norm. Although disti nct countercultural undercurrents have existed in many societies, here the term refers to a more than significant, visible phenomenon that reaches critical potentiometer and persists for a period of time. It is important to distinguish between counterculture, and subculture. 3SubcultureA subculture is a group of individuals that do share whatsoever qualities that the majority of society share, but the group has its own values, beliefs, norms, behavior, etc. Subcultures prevail to be created when society endures problems or enjoys common privileges. Most individuals within a subculture have common interests and beliefs.Types of subcultureFollowing are the major types of subculture.Organizational CultureA type of subculture that allows members to have solidarity, community, and social relationships that influence individual behavior. It is the way an organization deals with the environment. look tocultureIt is a type of subculture that completely disregards societys norms and val ues and creates virgin ones. They be to develop when people will not conform to the mainstream. They have their own beliefs, problems with cultural integration, and have their own material culture. 1Racial or nationality subculturesThese subcultures tend to vary in their values, ambition and beliefs which get reflected in their consumption priorities, spend save patterns, purchase behavior, use of credit, social traditions and customs etc.Nowadays multiracial societies like the States comprised of citizens who come from different nationalities or belong to different races.Religious subculturesMost societies of the world directly consist of people subscribing to different religions, which whitethorn differ in their beliefs, values and customs. The religious subgroups may follow different custom, have important rites of passage (like birth, marriage and death) performed in different ways and have different festivals. 4Counter culture vs. Sub cultureCounterculture can be defined as a group whose behavior deviates from the societal norm. It is different to the mainstream culture in their politics, norms, social beliefs, and way of dress and social structures. (or)A counter culture is one that reacts against the prevailing culture in place.Example Throughout the last century examples of counterculture cogency be the suffragettes, the green movement, polygamists and feminists, punk movement and the infamous hippie counterculture movement of the 1960s, are formed and exist to play off the superior culture.All of these counter cultures have specific beliefs and values that cause social change.Counter cultures are large movements that cause social change.Counter cultures are against mainstream culture.5Members of a counterculture come together almost their desire to reject movements within the larger, dominant culture.While members have this opposition in common, they may not share religious or political affiliations, standardized socioeconomic situations, or va lues.Countercultures can be both(prenominal) negative and positive.They can also reach larger when more people are involved and overhear into the mainstream just as subcultures in general have this potential.6Biker Gangs, drug users, career criminals, prisoners, and terrorists have in common that they all have negative perceptions from society and are countercultures. 7SubcultureA sub culture can have its own beliefs, norms and values, but they are generally able to exist within mainstream culture.Their beliefs or manner of beingness may be different enough to make them stand out, but they are not at odds with society.Subculture is a culture shared and actively participated in by a minority of people within a broader culture.Examples sub cultures might be Goths, emos, surfies, homies etc. Jews and Tea Party members are both examples of subcultures in the U.S. While the Jewish subculture is based around shared religious values, the Tea Party movement was primarily founded around dissatisfaction with the political status.Sub cultures tend to also share common interests and experience.Sub cultures can exist within mainstream culture.5Sub cultures are united by common aesthetics, interests and experience.Subcultures are distinctive segments of the larger culture of a region or society that are marked by shared interests in music or cultural phenomena, membership in a specific ethnic or religious group, or shared socioeconomic status.While some subcultures exist in contradistinction to the societys dominant culture, others exist harmoniously within it.Subcultures incorporate large parts of the broader cultures of which they are part, but in specifics they may differ radically.Subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards and allow them to develop a sense of identity.Subcultures can be distinctive because of the age, ethnicity, class, location, and/or gender of the members. 6The qualities that determine a subculture as distinct may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical or a combination of factors.They certainly play an important role in any individual life and help to let off how each person develops a frame of reference. 7Everybody has their own perceptions on society, values, and life in general. Values, attitudes, gestures, and sanctions tend to stem from the dominant culture in ones life.Throughout the dominant culture that a person spends his or her time in encyclopaedism and changing through different experiences many subcultures have developed.Subcultures allow people, who share equivalent interests to assimilate, socialize, gives them a sense of belonging and fellowship among peers. 8SimilaritiesCountercultures and subcultures both identify themselves in juxtaposition to the dominant culture of a society.Members usually dress and behave in different ways than average citizens of a society and are usually identifiable by their different appearances.Diffe rencesCulture is made up of an amalgamation of subcultures. So, a single subculture is a small segment of the larger culture, which is usually defined by shared socioeconomic status or a common cultural interest.A counterculture, on the other hand, is defined by their opposition to the dominant culture. A member of a counterculture may oppose the prevailing cultures values. Or, it could just oppose certain segments of the culture, or certain subcultures.A subculture is differs slightly from the dominant culture in a society, while a counterculture opposes the culture or subculture itself.6Literature check outDick Hebdige argued that a subculture is subversion to normality. Subcultures tend to be perceived as negative and have a nature of criticism. 9According to Hebdige, subcultures are actually an substitute(a) and reconfiguration of the dominant cultures. As his all very brief references to black and West Indian cultures suggest that he considers these cultures to be transplante d dominant cultures within British society. This magic trick raises the question of whether ethnic groups or minorities fit into Hebdiges notion of what constitutes either a parent culture or subculture. 10According to Wolfgang Ferracuti, subculture is a normative system of some group or groups smaller than the whole society .This implies that there are value judgments or a social value system which is apart from and a part of a central value system. But a subculture is only partly different from the larger culture, and cannot be totally different from the culture of which it is a part otherwise it is what Wolfgang called contra culture. This implies that the subculture has some major values in common with the dominant parent culture.The transmission of sub cultural values involves a learning process that establishes a dynamic lasting link upage between the values and the individuals .But also important to Wolfgangs subculture of violence theory is the notion that people may be b orn into a subculture.They argue that the black subculture actually values violence and that it is an integral component of the subculture which experiences high rates of homicide. Just as the dominant society punishes those who deviate from its norms, deviance by the comparatively non-violent individual from the norms of the violent subculture is likewise punished, either by being ostracized, or treated with disdain or indifference. Also, the more a person is integrated into this subculture, the more intensely he embraces its prescriptions of behavior, its conduct norms, and integrates them into his personality.The subculture of violence theory might be even more relevant today than it was when it was first published, especially with regard to juvenile crime. It seems to be a common fear that adolescents today are more violent and lacking in empathy than those of only a generation or two ago.Parker (1989) criticisms of the black subculture of violence model are manyFirst, the use o f global indicators describing an entire class of people, southerners or blacks, assumes that these communities are homogeneous in values and lifestyle, an assumption that is clearly false for any group as large as these groups. Second, particularly in the case of blacks, it entails an inherent pejorative indictment of urban minority residents and communities, which is unfair and racist in nature. Finally this approach ignores the role of institutionalized racism itself in producing a link between violence and racial composition.Wolfgangs subculture of violence theory has had its share of critics. Erlanger (1974), Parker (1989), Shihadeh and Steffensmeier (1994), are just a few of the investigators who have failed to find the theory useful in explaining sub cultural violence. Other authors have found that the sub-culture of violence theory is a useful model, particularly when it is used along with other theories Benedict and great power. Kennedy and Baron call for such an integrat ive approach, and assert that often, different theories may complement one another. Finally, still other researchers continue to rely upon the model. 11Scholars differ in the characteristics and specificity they charge to counterculture. Counterculture might oppose mass culture, or middle-class culture and values. Counterculture is sometimes conceptualized in terms of generational conflict and rejection of older or adult values.It typically involves criticism or rejection of currently powerful institutions, with accompanying hope for a better life or a impertinently society.Countercultures tend to peak, and then go into decline, leaving a lasting impact on mainstream cultural values. Their life cycles include phases of rejection, growth, partial acceptance and absorption into the mainstream.According to Sheila Whiteley, recent developments in sociological theory complicate and problematize theories developed in the 1960s, with digital technology, for example, providing an impetus for new understandings of counterculture. Andy Bennett writes that despite the theoretical arguments that can be raised against the sociological value of counterculture as a meaningful term for categorizing social action, like subculture, the term lives on as a concept in social and cultural theory to become part of a received, mediated memory.12ConclusionThe term counter-culture is not entirely an adequate way of describing all of the changes that took place for several reasons some changes were a advancement of events throughout the century, other changes were due to scientific discoveries which have always produced new ideas and ways of looking at the world, and many changes can be better draw as movements or ideologies.14Subcultures allow people, who share similar interests to assimilate, socialize, gives them a sense of belonging and fellowship among peers. Sub cultural studies often involve participant-observation, and may variously emphasize sociological, anthropological, or semiotic analysis in order to address the organization and production of relational, material, and symbolic structures and systems. 15SuggestionHealthy sub-cultures share leaderships conceptualizations of how tasks should be unadulterated how employees can advance and take on greater responsibility how employees interact with each other the ways in which change is accepted and accomplished and how new knowledge is acquired and perpetuated.Distinct, healthy sub-cultures are organizationally aligned in their understanding of how they must perform to produce successful and acceptable results and outcomes.Leaders actively seeking to influence their organizations culture must consider sub-cultures.The major point here is to make sure that you are integrating and linking your sub-cultures into the broader, intended cultural objectives.Accept and entertain productive sub-cultures while consistently communicating how employees must perform in order for the organization to be successful .13